Natural Enemies of Blackflies and Midges

Literature Review

Microsporidian

General Survey

• Wittner, M. and L.M. Weiss (eds.) 1999. The Microsporidia and Microsporidiosis. ASM Press, Washington D.C.
  
  This will be the ultimate textbook of microsporidia for many years. It is broad in scope (including a lot on human microporidiosis), is well organized, has good content and provides excellent illustrations. This is an invaluable source for anyone interested in microsporidians. Two chapters of particular interest are listed below.
  
  
• Vavra, J. and J.I.R. Larsson 1999. Structure of the Microsporidia p. 7-84. . In The Microsporidia and Microsporidiosis. Wittner, M. and L.M. Weiss (eds.) ASM Press, Washington D.C.
  
  This chapter contains many excellent illustrations that explains much of the arcane vocabulary associated with microsporidians.
  
  
• Becnel, J.J. and T.G. Andreadis 1999. Microsporidia in Insects P. 447-501. In The Microsporidia and Microsporidiosis. Wittner, M. and L.M. Weiss (eds.) ASM Press, Washington D.C.
  
  This chapter provides an excellent explanation of the life cycles and complexity of mircosporidian biology in insects. An examination of the literature cited in this chapter provides numerous relatively recent sources of information.
  
  

Microsporidians of Black Flies and Chironomids

• P.H. Alder, J.J. Becnel, and B. Moser 2000. Molecular characterization and taxonomy of a new species of Claudosporidae (Microsporidia) from black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae), with host-derived relationships of the North American Caudoporids. J. Invert. Pathol. 75: 133-143.
  
  
• Canning, E.U. and E.I. Hazard 1982, Genus Pleistophora Gurley, 1893: an assemblage of at least three genera. J. Protozool. 29: 39-49.
  
  
• Edlind, T.D., J. Li, G.S. Visvesvara, M.H. Vodkin, G.L. McLaughlin, and S.K. Katiyar 1966. Phylogenetic analysis of beta-tubulin sequences form amitochondrial protozoa. Mol. Phlogenet. Evol. 5: 359-367.
  
  
• Hirt, R.P., D. Healy, C.R. Vossbrinck, E.U. Canning, and T.M. Embley 1997. Identication of a mitochondrial HSP70 orthologue in Vairimorpha necatrix: molecular evidence that microsporidia once contained mitochondria. Curr. Biol. 7: 995-997.
  
  
• Larsson, R. 1983. A revisionary study of the taxon Tuzetia Maurand, Fize, Fenwick and Michel, 1971, and related forms (Microspora, Tuzetiidae). Protistologica 19: 323-355
  
  
• Sprague, V. 1977. Classification and phylogeny of the Microsporidia p. 1-30. In Comparative Pathobiology, vol 2. L.A. Bulla and T.C. Cheng (eds.) Plenum Press, New York, NY