Natural Enemies of Blackflies and Midges

Literature Review

Mermithids

• Camino, N.B. 1998. Two new species of mermithids (Nematoda: Mermithidae) parasites of insects in Argentina. Fundam. appl. Nematol. 21(1): 69-74.

• Chapman, J. and D.H. Ecke 1969. Study of a population of chironomid midges (Tanytarsus) parasitized by mermithid nematodes in Santa Clara County, California. Calif. Vect. Views 16: 83-66.

• Ginarte, C.A., C.F.S. Andrade, and J.C. Gaona 2003. Larvas de simulídeos (Diptera, Simuliidae) do centro oeste, sudeste e sul do Brasil, parasitadas por microsporídeos (Protozoa) e mermitídeos (Nematoda). Iheringia, Sér. Zool. vol.93 (3):

• Harkrider, J.R. 1988. A field study of mermithid parasitism (Nematoda: Mermithidae) in larval black flies in southern California. Environ. Entomol. 17(2): 391-397.

• Harkrider, J.R., A.A. Gbakima, J.B. Kandeh, and F. Sahr. 1991. Mermithid parasitism of Simulium damnosum s.l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Sierra Leone and the need for vector control. J. Med. Entomol. 28: 421-423.

• Johnson, A.A. and M.G. Kleve 1996. Strelkovimermis acuticauda N.sp. and Strelkovimermis buccalis N.sp. (Nematoda: Mermithidae) from adult chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Lake Itasca, Minnesota. J. Parasitol. 82(3): 478-483.

• Johnson, A.A. and M.G. Kleve 1997. Two new species of imagocidal Hydromermis (Nematoda: Mermithidae) from Endochironomus subtendens (Towns) (Diptera: Chironomidae). J. Parasitol. 83(1): 131-136.

• Molloy, D.P. 1979. Description and bionomics of Mesomermis camdenensis n. sp. (Mermithidae), a parasite of black flies (Simuliidae). J. Nematol. 11:321-328.

• Poinar, G.O. and R. Poinar 2003. Description and development of Gastromermis anispotis sp. n. (Nematoda: Mermithidae), a parasite in the quadritrophic system involving a cyanobacterium, midge and virus. Nemol. 5(3): 325-338.

• Welch, H.E. 1962. New species of Gastromermis, Isomermis,and Mesomermis (Nematoda: Mermithidae) from black flies larvae. Ann. Ent. Soc Amer. 55: 535-542.