Natural Enemies of Blackflies and Midges

Literature Review

Predators

General

• Werner, D. and A.C. Pont. 2003. Dipteran predators of Simuliid blackflies: a worldwide review. Med. Vet Entomol. 17: 115-132.

Hemerodromiinae

• Harper, P.P. 1980. Phenology and distribution of aquatic dance flies (Diptera: Empididae) in a Laurentian watershed. Am. Midl. Nat., 104: 110-117.
  
  
• Harkrider, J.R. 1999. Predation of larval Neoplasta Coquillett (Diptera: Empididae) on larval midges in the genus Rheotanytarsus Bause (Diptera: Chironomidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol., Accepted for Publication.
  
  
• Landry, B. & P.P. Harper. 1985. The aquatic dance fly fauna of a subarctic river system in Québec, with the description of a new species of Hemerodromia (Diptera: Empididae). Can. Ent., 117: 1379-1386.
  
  
• Masteller, E.C. & K.M. Buzby 1993. Emergence phenology of Empididae, Ceratopogonidae, and Simuliidae (Diptera) from a tropical rainforest stream at El Verde, Puerto Rico. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc., 66: 187-191.
  
  
• MacDonald, J.F. 1989. Review of the Nearctic Metachela Coquillett, with descripiton of a new species (Diptera: Empididae; Hemerodromiinae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 91: 513-522.
  
  
• MacDonald, J.F. 1993. Review of the genus Chelipoda Macquart of America north of Mexico (Diptera: Empididae; Hemerodromiinae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 95: 327-350.
  
  
• MacDonald, J.F. 1994. Review of the Nearctic species of genus Chelifera Macquart (Diptera: Empididae; Hemerodromiinae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 96: 236-275.
  
  
• MacDonald, J.F. 1999. Review of the genus Hemerodromia Meigen of America north of Mexico (Diptera: Empididae; Hemerodromiinae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 100: 792-823.
  
  
• MacDonald, J.F. and J.R. Harkrider 1999. Differentiation of larvae of Metachela Coquillett and Neoplasta Coquillett (Diptera: Empididae; Hemerodromiinae) based on larval rearing, external morphology, and ribosomal DNA fragment size. J. N.A. Benthol. Soc. 18(3): 414-419.
  
  
• MacDonald, J.F. & W.J. Turner. 1993. Review of the genus Neoplasta Coquillett of America north of Mexico (Diptera: Empididae; Hemerodromiinae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 95: 351-376.
  
  
• Peterson, B.V. 1960. Notes on some natural enemies of Utah black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Can. Ent., 92: 266-274.
  
  
• Vaillant, F. 1953. Hemerodromia seguyi, nouvel empidide d'Algérie destructeur simulies. Hydrobiol., 5: 180-188.

Clinocerinae

• Sinclair, B.J. 1997. Review of the Nearctic species of Wiedemannia Zetterstedt (Diptera: Empididae; Clinocerinae). Studia Dipterologica, 4: 337-352.
  
  
• Sinclair, B.J. 1995. Generic revision of the Clinocerinae (Empididae), and description and phylogenetic relationships of the Trichopezinae, new status (Diptera: Empidoidea). Can. Ent., 127: 665-752.
  
  
• Sinclair, B.J. 1994. Revision of the Nearctic species of Trichoclinocera Collin (Diptera: Empididae; Clinocerinae). Can. Ent., 126: 1007-1059.
  
  
• Sinclair, B.J. and J.R. Hakrider. 2004. The immature stages and rearing obersvations of the aquatic dance fly, Roederiodes wirthi Chillcott (Diptera: Empididae; Clinocerinae), with taxonomic notes. Studia Dipterologica. Accepted for publication.
  
  
• Wilder,D.D. 1981. A review of the genus Roederiodes Coquillett with the description of a new species (Diptera: Empididae). Pan Pac. Entomol., 57: 415-421.
  
  

Last modified 10 August 2004